Being underweight was associated with less urbanization.
The HIV-infected participants had lower monthly income, less urbanization, and more comorbidities (higher modified Charlson score) than those in the control group.
The difference in the magnitude of associations could be attributed to the aforementioned studies being conducted in one or more large metropolitan areas, whereas the present study encompassed the entire state of North Carolina and, subsequently, locations with less urbanization.
In our multivariate models, factors that were independently associated with higher prevalence of underweight status included older age, less urbanization, current smoking status, and lower systolic blood pressure (Table 2).
Due to the high positive correlation between urbanization and CDI, we grouped urbanization-CDI into 4 categories: less urbanized, less deprived areas; less urbanized, more deprived areas; more urbanized, less deprived areas; and more urbanized, more deprived areas.
For urbanization degree, there was convincing evidence for a negative relationship, which means that people living in less urbanized areas tended to be more physically active.
Possible evidence for a positive relationship was found between urbanization degree and total walking, which means that people living in more urbanized areas possibly walked more than people living in less urbanized regions.
Similarly, urbanization level was coded 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, implying the estimation of a 'baseline' model for the group living in a very highly urbanized region (0), and linear deviations thereof for the groups living in less urbanized areas.
Analyses were stratified by sex, age group (18 44 years, 45 64 years, and of 65 years or older), degree of urbanization (urban vs. rural), and educational attainment (less than high school, high school, and university).
Land use is a particular issue related to Megatrend 1, 3 and 4, i.e. the need to make more from less, demography and urbanization.
Then all remaining addresses (n = 31854) were stratified for area (Zuidring-West and Zuidring-East), distance category (500-1000 m, 1000-1500 m and 1500-2000 m) and degree of urbanization (less than 1000 addresses per km and 1000-2500 addresses per km).
