Research from Ulrike Malmendier and Stefan Nagel about the so-called "Depression babies" found that people who had experienced low stock market returns throughout their lives are less willing to take on financial risk, are less likely to take part in the stock market and invest a lower fraction of their liquid assets in stocks if they do take part.
This parameter was included in the analysis as an adjustment variable to study the hypothesis that patients with disadvantageous geographic and socio-economic characteristics were less likely to be referred to a high-volume surgeon because they were less likely to take part in mass screening programs.
Barriers to participation at staff, patient and trust level were evident; for example, staff were less likely to discuss research with older patients, Asian and black patients were less likely to take part and patients treated at specialist or teaching trusts had higher levels of discussion and participation.
For one thing, teenagers in big Eastern and Midwestern cities like New York and Chicago behave, on the whole, in a less specifically teenage manner than those in the rest of the country; they have less opportunity to take part in sports and to tinker with automobiles, and are more conservative in their dating habits.
Women were less likely to take part in screening compared with men (OR=0.64; p<0.001), and current smokers were less likely to take part than ex-smokers (OR=0.70, p<0.001).
Māori and Pacific mothers were less likely to receive daily feedback on their child's day, and their children were less likely to take part in daily organised small-group activities.
One likely hypothesis is a participation bias in that children with poor mathematics skills were less likely to take part in mathematics web-tests, and teachers of children with poor mathematics skills were less likely to submit mathematics ratings to TEDS.
Pacific mothers were also less likely to receive daily feedback about their child's day (OR = 0.49), and their children were less likely to take part in small-group activities (OR = 0.55).
Overall, Māori mothers reported that they were less likely to receive daily feedback on their child's day (OR = 0.51), and that their children were less likely to take part in daily small-group activities (OR = 0.64).
So determined was the further education minister to counter any sedition from Alan Tuckett, boss of Niace, the voice of adult education, when he heard that the latter was to appear on a Radio 4 education show last night, that he told programme staff he intended to interrupt a dinner - in Cyprus, no less - to take part.
Third, as people work harder, travel more and are busier than they used to be, they seem less inclined to take part in the political process.
