We extract from the speech signal itself, the points which are physically susceptible of attaining larger values of residuals and we construct the weighting function such that the error at those outliers is less penalized.
The algorithm starts by plain l1-norm minimization and then, iteratively, the resulting residuals are used to re-weight the l1-norm cost function such that the points having larger residuals (outliers) are less penalized and the points having smaller residuals are penalized heavier.
It was also observed that distributions with mass concentrated in one of the classes are less penalized by applying q values near to 2.5.
In the alignment step, the scoring parameters used by the mappers are often those currently used in bioinformatics, i.e. from the evolutionary point of view, a substitution is less penalized than an insertion or a deletion.
A second implication is that a less-controlled, less-penalizing coca market may be more conducive to lower levels of corruption in Bolivia, confirming the permissive coca market hypothesis (H2).
This issue has, however, no influence on our conclusions as even with the less stringent penalizing for model complexity, we find the best fit for the simple models (in which only one parameter is estimated; see results).
The rationale for conformationally restrained clusters is based on the expectation that more rigid structures would be less entropically penalized on binding to their counter-receptors.
For example, in the case of the famous prisoner's dilemma (see entry on prisoner's dilemma) it is interesting to try to design policies that make cheating the other agent less profitable by penalizing it.
Mrs. Merkel's political foes rounded on her, accusing her of penalizing the less well-off by cutting social welfare benefits and favoring high-income earners by refusing to raise taxes.
On the other hand, in the zone pricing implementation, it is noted that the less distant users, i.e., first zone, are penalized less due to their good channel gain conditions that conclude to high transmission data rate with lower cost.
In this way we generally penalize less for mismatches at positions with less confident base calls, but also are sensitive to situations in which the base caller has difficulty deciding between two bases at a position.
