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Cheaper oil means less patronage in the Middle East.
Alternatively, the likely reduced presence of northern powerbrokers in a Jonathan administration, which up to now has drawn heavily on southerners, will reduce their own standing with their local populations, if only because they will be able to dispense less patronage.
Participants noted that there will be less patronage of a trader or shop owner infected.
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There is no reason, they add, to think that mayoral control of the schools would be less patronage-ridden than school board control.
"There is a new approach to work," she says, "and less political patronage.
Chicago under Mr Emanuel relies less on patronage and more on data than ever before.
Is Obama naïve enough to think that an extremist ideological organization like Hezbollah can be mollified with a less corrupt patronage system and some electoral reform?
The parliamentary elections held in 2012, which were contested by an array of political parties and for the first time saw voting based less on patronage than on actual political platforms, garnered a turnout of more than 50percentt.
They have agreed on a common platform, which downplays religion, criticises Dr Mahathir's fondness for grand projects and proposes a broad range of economic reforms, including a more open and competitive approach to privatisation (and so with less scope for patronage).
Mr. Golden, who is also known for operating his office with less emphasis on patronage, has been untainted by the corruption scandals that forced two of his former colleagues off the Board of Estimate -- Stanley Simon, who was Bronx borough president, and Donald R. Manes, who was Queens borough president.
Grant's Civil Service Commission reform rules had limited success, as his cabinet implemented a merit system that increased the number of qualified candidates and relied less on Congressional patronage.
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