There's less of a student parent presence on campus," Angel said.
While this might not cut down on the risk of birth defects, it could affect the pregnancy outcome and put less of a strain on parents and resources.
"Today, it is becoming less of a problem for parents to send their children to school," said Mr. Kambire, "but there aren't enough schools".
As a director, he owes less of a debt to his parents than to the American film noir tradition and, above all, to the melancholy romanticism of Wim Wenders, the German auteur whose love of scruffy North American locations, ambiguous quest narratives and the color red seems to resonate through much of "Americano".
Instead they are often prompted by less tangible forces: the support of a parent, the insistence of a girlfriend, the encouragement of a priest or pastor, the mobilization of a community, the birth of a child.
In earlier decades, homework was less of a concern for immigrant and poorer parents because, education historians say, the kind of role parents were asked to play, like asking their children to spell words on a list, was far simpler.
It is that kind of thinking about child development as well as parental concerns that have led to more flexible policies, making it less of a stressful, hot-button issue for parents who often feel as anxious about toilet training as parents of teenagers are about the college-entrance process.
