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The modified effect could be greater (positive interaction, synergism) or less (negative interaction, antagonism) than simple addition of the two effects [ 33].
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Children in centers experienced more cognitive stimulation, less frequent language interactions with adults, less frequent negative interactions with adults, and less television viewing than did those in other types of care.
This means that the risk of type 2 diabetes in individuals who are both obese and physically inactive is more (in case of positive interaction) or less (in case of negative interaction) than what would be expected if the effect of obesity and physical inactivity are multiplied.
In the absence of interaction, AP equals 0. AP > 0 means positive interaction or more than additivity and AP < 0 means negative interaction or less than additivity.
Generally, the change in free energy values of −20 kJ mol−1 or less negative are associated with an electrostatic interaction between charged molecules and charged metal surface (physisorption); those above −40 kJ mol−1 or more negative involve charge sharing or transfer from the inhibitor molecules to the metal surface to form a coordinate covalent bond (chemisorption) [27, 28].
We also found a significant less-than-additive (i.e., negative) interaction between the two QTL on the 3rd chromosome (Table 1 and Figure S2), where the effect of the double homozygote is smaller than expected under simple additivity.
As in the Liberia study, surveys showed that caregivers who received the training engaged in significantly less negative parenting behavior and more positive caregiver-child interactions.
Survey-based studies have shown that people who have had contact with ex-offenders hold less negative attitudes towards ex-offenders than those who have had no past interaction with ex-offenders (Hirschfield and Piquero 2010).
A higher (less negative) cutoff is more stringent as we are disallowing less-energetically favorable interactions.
30 Comorbidity of depression and pain had a negative interaction effect on health care costs, such that the costs were less than additive.
Negative interaction contrasts suggest that the joint effect of BC and comorbidity is less than expected from their individual effects.
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