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The more general types of taxes, such as the VAT and the retail sales tax, provided they are applied at the same rate to all consumption spending, are assumed not to affect price relations to any marked degree and are thus thought to be less distorting.
These are easy to collect, hard to evade and far less distorting of spending and investment decisions by individuals or firms.
But starting in the 1960's, Congress slowly switched to supporting farmers' incomes, not crop prices, saying it was less distorting for the market.
There will still be value in having editors helping to make these decisions — but if there is no longer an obligate link between where a paper is published and who assesses it, I think we'll see less distorting power in the hands of a small number of editors, and a generally more robust system for assessing the import/impact of particular works.
A far less distorting (and transparent) way to cut carbon emissions and raise fuel economy would be a carbon tax but almost no one in Washington has the courage to propose one.These mistakes matter because, for all Mr Obama's oratory, it will be very hard to reverse course in future.
More recent Handelsblatt rankings have at least addressed the last two concerns in that they use a less distorting co-author weighting and a broadly expanded journal selection.
Similar(47)
This has accounted for a large chunk of its labour productivity growth in recent years.One virtue of multi-factor productivity over labour productivity is that comparisons between countries may be less distorted by national differences in the way real output is measured.
The logarithmic energy is less distorted in a speech frame than in a non-speech frame.
Whereas PESQ takes values between 1 (worst) and 4.5 (best), the lower the LLR the less distorted the speech signal.
Job search may be less distorted in a slump, and this implies that the role of ALMP in countering disincentive effects from e.g. unemployment insurance is less strong.
It establishes that relative to the symmetric information benchmark, output is less distorted under the restrictive contract than under the basic contract.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com