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The conjugate heat transfer between the heat-conducting burner wall and the surrounding gas flows was considered in the overall flame model to account for the preheating effect without or with less ad hoc assumptions for the burner inlet conditions.
It seems more likely that such specializations have evolved in a more or less ad hoc way in terms of structure where institutions in a given country tend to follow others that have led the way.
Ask Mr Lafley how he intends to keep P&G's edge if innovation becomes less ad hoc and he immediately points to Toyota's embrace of total-quality management as a model.
I propose that explicit consideration of the following concepts from CAS should make the design of IBMs less ad hoc and more likely to produce models of value for basic and applied ecology: (1) Emergence: what behaviors and population dynamics should emerge from the model's mechanistic representation of key processes vs. being imposed on the model as empirical relations?
Instead, the choice of methods appeared to be done more or less ad hoc.
Unfortunately, this looks no less ad hoc than the transcasus and restriction solutions he has just criticized.
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Second, more recently, several studies proposed heterogeneous or hybrid network architectures where the best from both infrastructure-based and infrastructure-less ad hoc networking domains are combined.
Different models and different formalisms have been used in specific contexts to elucidate different aspects of translation in systems biology and design circuits in synthetic biology, and different levels of coarse and fine graining have been performed, all on a more-or-less ad hoc basis.
In most ASM applications, calibration is based on more or less ad-hoc and trial and error approaches.
Because we can calculate all kinds of feedback automatically from a strategy specification, it becomes less labor-intensive and less ad-hoc to specify new exercise domains and exercises within that domain.
" 'Let's see if we can now put together an organization and raise money, have a budget, begin to do things in a less ad-hoc way.' We've just barely started that process". Other local arts organizations have been supportive.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com