Sentence examples for length transformation from inspiring English sources

In this paper we present a multichannel version of a nonsyntactic algorithm, based on length transformation.

The OU and Pagel's λ fitting procedures calculate branch length transformation parameters, d for the OU process that is a function of time and λ for Pagel's transformation, which is constant across the tree, by restricted maximum likelihood (REML).

Results are given for four branch length transformation methods, as discussed in the Materials and Methods.

Significant phylogenetic signal was shown for all branch length transformation (Table  3), supporting phylogenetic regression by the PIC method [ 37, 80].

Similarly, we used Pagel's lambda statistic to determine the extent to which branch length transformation explains the distribution of trait states (proportion of invasive taxa/genus) at the tips of a phylogeny (Pagel 1999).

Nee's branch length transformation is similar to Grafen's [ 87] method of rho transformation, but uses the logarithm of the number of species descended from each node to set the node depth (see [ 88]).

To estimate independent contrasts, branch lengths were used as estimated by MrBayes; branch length transformations were necessary for group size (Lack of fit test p < 0.05) and were exponentially transformed.

Various branch length transformations were applied in order to improve the fit of the branch lengths to the tip data, and the best solution was Grafen's [ 87] rho (rho = 0.2), which resolved BM violations.

There are multiple published examples that have assessed the importance of rate-smoothing trees for phylogenetic diversity estimates, and they show relatively minor influences of subtle branch length transformations (Cadotte et al., 2008, 2009).

We used the 'Analysis of Traits' model in Phylocom [ 78], using the 'Picante package' in R [ 79], to asses phylogenetic signal for a series of different branch length transformations.

We therefore explored other branch length transformations using the computer program Mesquite (version 1.12, Maddison W and Maddison D 2006) and based our decision on the ability of the transformation to meet the assumptions of independent contrasts (Garland et al. 1992).