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At maximal tendon force (1094 ± 323 N), the measured fascicle length overestimated the change in fascicle length due to the tendon force by 1.53 cm, while the measured pennation angle overestimated the change in pennation angle due to the tendon force by 5.5°.
However, due to the need for contrast media (that may cause renal toxicity, arterial wall dissection, emboli, fistulae, pseudoaneurysms, and access site complications) and to its inherent limitations (no careful hemodynamic study of the stenotic segment nor of its length (overestimated) is possible), the clinical use of DSA is currently limited (57).
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As with the mean of 1, all branch lengths were overestimated, with short branch lengths estimated nearly correctly and longer branch lengths overestimated by 1-201-20%shown not shown).
These results suggest that the rate of overestimation for the majority branch lengths exerts a "pull" of the rate of overestimation of the unique branch length, such that the unique branch length is overestimated at a rate more similar to the rate of overestimation for the other branches in the tree.
For the shortest branches (0.01 substitutions/site), the median branch length overestimate was ~9%.
Visual assessments of the finger length ratio overestimated the pixel 2D:4D ratio which was on average 0.91 ± 0.02 and less than 1 in all cases (range 0.852-0.981).
When a uniform prior was used in analyses, branch lengths were generally estimated correctly within the bounds of the distribution (zero to one), although at the edges of the distribution, short branch lengths were overestimated and long branch lengths were underestimated.
When we estimated branch lengths using an exponential prior with a mean of 1 for the 4-taxon tree, most branch lengths were overestimated, with the degree of overestimation ranging from 1 to 12%.
While branch lengths are generally estimated correctly in ML, long branch lengths are overestimated in simple simulated datasets, also likely due to model parameter misestimation.
Bubble chord lengths are overestimated by optical probe signals because small bubbles are not detected.
Most of bond lengths are overestimated except the C=O bonds.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com