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Electrical resistance (R) can be formulated as R = ρL/A where ρ is electrical resistivity, L is the length of a sample, and A is the cross-sectional area normal to the direction of electron flow.
Recently, an experimental measurement of the spin Seebeck effect (the conversion of heat to spin polarization) by detecting the redistribution of spins along the length of a sample of permalloy (NiFe) induced by a temperature gradient was firstly demonstrated [41].
The stride length of a sample of older adults recruited from nursing facilities in Germany was 41.1 ± 10.7 cm (own data, unpublished yet).
The elasticity of a material is often characterized using the elastic modulus, defined as the ratio of stress, the force per unit area, to strain, the fractional change in length of a sample: where E is the elastic modulus, σ is the stress, ε0 is the strain, F is the applied force, A is the area, Δ l is the change in length, and l0 is the original length of the sample.
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In cases where the length of a sampled microtubule exceeded the spindle length, the microtubule was truncated to the length of the spindle with the remaining polymer used to set the length of one or more additional microtubules that were assigned to one of the two SPBs at random.
A single telomere length measurement by itself has no biological value, but the comparison with the telomere length of a representative sample of the population.
The average length of a positive sample in this set was 270.47 bp, maximum was 1182 bp and minimum 115 bp, with standard deviation of 112 bp.
Interferometry-based DHM can be performed to determine the spatial distributions of the phase and optical path length of a test sample.
To examine variation in mean body size across lakes and perturbation levels, we compared the standard length of a random sample of fish caught in the least size-selective of our fishing gears (5-mm lampara net).
For example, the average length of a large sample of human mitochondrial proteins appears to be much smaller than the average length of all human proteins (means ± standard deviation/medians are: ~320 ± 304/235aa vs. ~500 ± 551/364aa, respectively; MW, KS-test (Mann-Whitney, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests): P < 10-57) in the Eukaryotic Subcellular Localization Database [ 56] [Additional file 7].
The experiments are performed with the BRIRs measured in a reverberant "stairway" (direct-to-reverberation ratio, DRR = 11 dB), taken from the Aachen room impulse response database [58, 59], with a length of 5000 samples at a sampling frequency of f s = 16 kHz.
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