Two main type IV pilin subtypes are recognized: type IVa and IVb that differ in length, leader sequence and N-terminal modification (Craig et al., 2004).
Dicistronic RNA transfections and in vitro translation of monocistronic RNA demonstrated that both full-length 5' leaders, as well as Ex2, exhibit IRES activity indicating the IRES is located within Ex2.
To determine if the full-length 5' leaders generated from the first promoter, Leader 1 (L1.428428 kb), from the second promoter, Leader 2 (L2, 448 nt), and Exon 2 (Ex2, 344 nt) exhibited IRES activity, they were inserted into the intercistronic region of the dicistronic luciferase DNA vector pRF (Fig 1a and 1b)[29].
Evidence for this clade consisting of plastid-targeted proteins also comes from P. tricornutum and E. huxleyi RPE-γ sequences, that have full-length leaders predicted to encode signal peptides at the N-terminus, which is a characteristic of plastid-targeted proteins in these organisms.
In this case, the Ex1a IRES would be active in the full-length leader if the presence of the upstream sequence inhibits the Ex2 IRES.
These constructs contain the full-length 5' leader sequence from pCAT3-Control and are designed to be identical in primary sequence upon splicing.
The absurd lengths European leaders are going to in order to make this "voluntary" does raise a few eyebrows.
One version of the self-weedless rig, the Carolina rig, does use a swivel and length of leader between the worm and sinker, which is usually a heavy, egg-shaped sinker.
Treatment step with measurement data (Fig. 6a) contains information to be used by deconvolution calculation such as lengths of leader (ll), sample (ls), trailer (lt), total measurements (lm), and measurement increment, as well as Sample ID, treatment (demagnetization) level, and run number.
To further interrogate the importance of the full-length ProcA leader peptide, we made a series of ProcA2.8 mutants lacking 30, 40, and 50 N-terminal amino acids and coexpressed these mutants with ProcM in E. coli.
K a/ K s ratios are an intrinsically pairwise calculation that was performed on a subset of the most different pairs of vcrA (full-length, and leader sequence only) using the 'kaks' function in the SeqinR package [ 44] of R [ 77].
