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Moreover, NT soil under legume cover crops behaved as a net sink for GHG (GWP ranged from −971 to −2818 kg CO2 eq ha−1 year−1) [8].
Forage sorghum and sweet sorghum can be considered as the most productive energy/forage crops, especially when preceded by a legume cover crop.
In this paper, we evaluated the ability of the CERES models to predict N dynamics during wheat and maize growth following legume cover crop (LCC) incorporation.
Results across locations and years indicated all energy/forage crops had greater biomass yield, and total N content when preceded by a legume cover crop compared with a non-legume or the check, in the previous year.
In subtropical Ultisol, under legume cover crops, NT soil exhibited increased N2O emissions with respect to CT soil (531 vs. 217 kg CO2 eq ha−1 year−1); however, emissions of this gas from NT soil were fully offset by CO2 retention in soil organic matter (−2063 to −3940 kg CO2 ha−1 year−1) [8].
In the conventional field (CNV), inorganic fertilizer was the only nitrogen (N) source, but in the organic fields (ORG), a legume cover crop, red clover (Trifolium pratense), was frost-seeded into a winter grain (spelt, Triticum spelta), and then incorporated in spring as a N source for the subsequent maize plants (Zea mays).
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Benefits of introducing a grass-legume cover crop mixture into the cropping system were evident after 4 years for OM, Prot, Resp, AWC, Fe and Zn.
These results were consistent in all of our experiments, which represent a wide range of crucifer-legume cover crops, demonstrating their generality.
Crucifer-legume cover crop mixtures could be an effective solution for obtaining these two ecosystem services because they combine advantages of both species.
Yields under non-legume cover crop management were not significantly different from those in the conventional, bare fallow systems, while leaching was reduced by 70% on average.
Interestingly, combined N and P addition exhibited additive effects on non-legume cover while suppressing lupins as much as N addition alone, possibly indicating a direct role for P once N-limitation is removed.
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