But there are legitimate gains as well.Take the case of one Syrian banker, some of whose staff have fled the country during its civil war, or were bombed out of their homes.
Federal authorities often use laws against money laundering -- the transfer of money to make proceeds from criminal activities appear to be legitimate gains -- to pursue criminals who would otherwise be difficult to prosecute.
Son of Boss, which the I.R.S. formally disallowed in 2000 and has never considered valid for deductions, involves creating artificial losses that are then used improperly to offset legitimate gains.
All these things would have happened years earlier but for the perfectly correct assumption in east-central Europe that behind their own local party bosses stood a Soviet leadership determined and ready to use all the means at their disposal to preserve communist regimes in the part of Europe they regarded as their legitimate gains from the second world war.
Robert P. Storch, the assistant United States attorney who prosecuted the case, argued before the sentencing that Mr. Roberts had tried to corrupt the process by which legitimate tribes gain recognition from the government.
The last major program allowing illegal immigrants to gain legitimate status came under a 1986 law signed by President Ronald Reagan.
In that case, attackers obtained the credentials of an employee at private firm KeyPoint Government Solutions and used them to gain legitimate access to the network.
"Every time it goes viral we definitely gain legitimate fans that listen to the music, attend shows, buy merch, and properly get what we're about which is awesome," they previously told BuzzFeed.
Beginning yesterday, anyone who demonstrates that a.info address was registered by another party using invalid trademark data will themselves have to submit proof of a legitimate trademark to gain the right to register the name.
Like other settings where new and advanced technologies are used, HFT technologies enable their adopters to gain legitimate returns on investment (ROI) from their investments, as well as compensation for their market, counterparty and operational risk exposures.
