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We calculated the handedness index for each subject according to the formula HI = (number right – number left)/(number right + number left), with positive values reflecting right hand bias and negative values reflecting left hand bias [ 31].
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The outcome of this formula can range from -1 to 1, with positive values reflecting right-hand bias and negative values reflecting left-hand bias.
HI values varied from −1.0 to 1.0 with negative values reflecting left-hand biases and positive values reflecting right-hand biases.
Estimates of the position of the right hand were biased towards the body and for the left hand were biased away from the body.
At all distances from the body and at all lateral locations, estimates of the location of the right hand were biased toward the right, and those of the left hand were biased toward the left (p<0.01 in all cases).
Perception of the right hand's position is biased to the right, and perception of the left hand's position is biased to the left.
When subjects are instructed to point to their unseen hand with the opposite limb, their responses are biased such that the right hand is left of the left hand, i.e. the hands overlap.
Further studies should examine whether the TMS-induced disruptions in the left hand motor cortex also modulate response bias when participants use their contralateral hand.
The only concern with using this formula is that the N term in our case is very big (all abstracts in PubMed), thus making score biased toward the left hand side of the formula.
TMS now biased decision responses toward the left hand, indicating disruption of evidence integration for responses that were to be given from the contralateral-to-TMS hand.
Consequently, the endogeneity bias in a model with hours worked on the left hand side and permanent on the right hand side would be in the positive direction.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com