Furthermore, a fossil strepsirrhine primate from Africa, Plesiopithecus, may suggest that the aye-aye and the rest of the lemurs diverged in Africa, which would require at least two colonization events.
My bar-mate, who never deigned speak to me again though he was there most every morning, would have done well to visit the MuCEM exhibit, not least the colonization recruitment posters that had been plastered an walls all over Paris well into the 20th Century.
Must exposure be sufficient to cause clinical infection or at least asymptomatic colonization, or is 'subclinical exposure' adequate to produce the required immune response?
Using a previously published rbcL phylogeny of the Amaranthaceae Chenopodiaceae alliance (Kadereit et al. 2003) and new ITS phylogenies of the Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae, we conclude that Australia has been reached in at least nine independent colonization events: four in the Chenopodioideae, two in the Salicornieae, and one each in the Camphorosmeae, Suaedeae, and Salsoleae.
For arthropods, at least four major colonization events are inferred, leading to the chilopods + diplopods, insects, arachnids, and isopod crustaceans.
The observed patterns of genetic differentiation and asymmetric gene flow found with both kinds of genetic markers support at least three independent colonization events from the great lakes into sets of geographically-clustered crater lakes.
ETEC causes diarrhea by producing different combinations of the heat labile (LT) or heat stable (ST) enterotoxins and 1 or more of at least 22 different colonization factors, which contribute to the virulence of the pathogen (10).
The phylogeny indicates at least three independent colonizations of North America: one each in Leersia, Zizania, and Luziola.
This was attributed to at least two separate colonizations of Mesoamerica from South America during the Pleistocene.
Congruent with other studies, this report argued for multiple (at least two) independent colonizations of epigean forms into upper Mesoamerica.
