Songbirds are the prime model for studying the processes underlying vocal learning in which a learned neural representation of the signals guides the vocal development [12], [13].
The next stage is "unsupervised" learning, in which instruction is entirely absent.
This encompasses things like machine learning, in which we have self-driving cars and decent language translation.
The process requires machine learning, in which computers find patterns in large tranches of data, and then use those patterns to interpret new data.
Among educational theorists, one of the buzzwords is "blended learning" — in which students receive "content" from a combination of classroom lectures and software.
"Low culture," she continued, "is infiltrating the scholarly world, a curriculum of aptly 'higher' learning in which shallow amusements have no place".
The activation of amygdala neurons that respond to a rewarding stimulus can induce both Pavlovian and instrumental learning (learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequences).
It also promotes fear conditioning, a form of learning in which previously neutral stimuli in the environment — sights, sounds and smells, for example — become linked with a trauma.
BACK in the days of the first I.B.M. PC's or the Apple II, it was easy to find optimistic educators who dreamed of a golden age of learning in which smart interactive technologies would deliver top-rate instruction to schoolchildren.
As if parroting the marketing copy in the college's brochure, alums overwhelmingly endorse Reed's "conference" style of learning, in which lessons transmitted in lectures are later reinforced in smaller groups where students engage in spirited debates.
Ezra Sidran, a computer scientist, said he planned to apply for the naval research funding to investigate "unsupervised machine learning," in which a computer program independently "analyzes, remembers and learns".
