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Ordinarily, it is not so easy for self-directed learners to obtain adequate supports since the learning resources and the processes vary from learner to learner (Ota et al. 2005).
By emphasizing the type of listening strategies used and how the application of listening strategies differs from learner to learner, these studies show that the active use of various cognitive and meta-cognitive listening strategies may help determine which learners are more or less efficient and independent L2 listeners (Vandergrift and Baker 2015; Yeldham and Gruba 2016).
A primary characteristic of such sequences of transmission is that what is transmitted from learner to learner will change in an iterated learning environment, in a way that depends on the conditions of transmission.
However, it is difficult for the learners to access suitable learning resources from community-based learning since the learning goals vary from learner to learner, which leads to the necessity of proper recommendation for community learning resources.
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The learner-to-learner interaction reflects a vertical division of labour, where one acts as a coach.
In the context of higher education, Herrington and Oliver (2000) asserted that weblogs can improve and support highly effective types of learner-to-learner interactions.
The results suggested that the nature of participation consisted primarily of independent messages with a minimal amount of learner-to-learner interaction [ 20].
Research has dealt with learner characteristics that contribute to learner performance outcomes.
One major shift was from the imposition of knowledge on the mind of the learner to an emphasis on the learner's activity of perception and comprehension of knowledge.
In this case, transferability from a first learner to a second learner is defined as the performance of the second learner with learning from the first learner minus the performance of the second learner without learning from the first learner.
Successful independent learning as an undergraduate student or as a lifelong learner requires the learner to have well developed information literacy skills.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com