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For example, if you are an auditory learner listening to lectures on tape and going to class may be more important than reading the text.
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If you are an auditory learner, listen to music, download podcasts and listen to audio books.
In the field of listening, several studies have investigated the impact of strategy instruction on learners' listening comprehension.
Task-based verbal reports were used to gain insight into the learners' listening strategies, pre- and post-instruction.
Unlike Vandergrift and Tafaghodtari (2010), Chen (2009) explored learners' listening strategy development in terms of the three types of listening strategies: metacognitive, cognitive and socio-affective.
As such, making meaningful inferences about learners' listening or speaking abilities based on a limited number of memorized lines does not seem plausible.
In this regard, Vandergrift et al. (2006) note that awareness of the listening strategies "can have positive influence on language learners' listening development" (p. 432) and by extension to accessing the test items easily.
Along with the cognitive factors of linguistic knowledge and L2 listening strategy use, affective factors play a central role in L2 learners' listening proficiency (Vandergrift and Goh 2012; Vandergrift, 2007).
Various studies suggest that strategy instruction has a positive impact on learners' listening comprehension (Cross, 2009; Graham and Macaro, 2008; Lotfia, Maftoon, and Birjand, 2016; Thompson and Rubin, 1996).
Apart from studying whether the designed listening strategy training enhanced EFL learners' listening performance, Lotfia, et al. (2016) intended to find out whether different approaches to listening strategy training had differential effects on listening performance, as well as how participants themselves evaluated the impact of strategy training on their listening performance.
However, focused findings diverged depending on the nationality of learners: listening strategy use was the only predictor for L2 listening proficiency in Korean participants, while L2 listening anxiety was a better predictor than L2 listening strategy use for the Chinese and Japanese respondents.
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