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The same alignment was also analyzed with BRATNextGen (Marttinen et al. 2012), assuming four clusters, using a learned value of alpha, a window size of 1 kb, and a significance threshold P value of 0.05 (as calculated from 100 permutations).
However, when embedded in the context of the field, these simple rule changes provide a neuroecological mechanism for something that the locust cannot perform in vacuo: namely, switching the learned value of an odor from aversive to appetitive.
Independently, the same whole genome alignment was analysed using BRATNextGen [ 55], assuming three clusters, using a learned value of alpha, a window size of one kilobase and a significance threshold P value of 0.05 (as calculated from 100 permutations).
In addition, it is notable that despite the relative magnitude of immediate memory scores (∼0.6 for 70 V shock and <0.3 for DEET) and the difference in respective memory persistence (hours for shock and minutes for DEET), the immediate learned value of these two aversive stimuli is comparable.
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His learned values of decency and propriety tagged along, shocked at his associations, appalled at his dreams; sorry that in the bone arena of his skull there were no forts for what he loved.
This suggests that, for low win probabilities, the effect of learned value (LV) on choice was stronger than that of described value (DV), congruent with previous findings about explicit estimation of learned outcome probabilities [ 16] (Supplemental Data).
But this is, in fact, precisely what incentive salience is: that animals learn the value of stimuli and that this learned value induces responding in the absence of an actual deficit state.
This effect of learned value is entirely consistent with a well-established facilitative effect of appetitive conditioning on reaction times [ 15, 17].
But as the learned value-estimates of the equivalent ITI states gradually increase over thousands of trials, the <img src="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/asset?id=info?doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007362.e273.PNG" class= inline-graphic"/> signal at the CS gradually disappears (Figure 7D,E).
In both cases place fields are thought to represent sensory, behavioral or cognitive features of a context, as well as the learned value (i.e., economic utility; Penner and Mizumori, 2012a,b 2012b), or salience, of each context defining feature.
The internal state at the time of the response then modifies the learned value.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com