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These surface species were formed as a result of reactions between NOx and C3H6 during the rich as well as lean phases, but started to be used for NOx reduction only when all the stored hydrocarbons were depleted.
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Empirical models were developed to predict the NOx conversion capacity of the catalyst as a function of total cycle time and the fraction spent in the lean phase.
The double NSR SCR configuration allowed the Fe-beta catalyst storing ammonia to react with NOx leaving the NSR during the subsequent lean phase.
During actual combustion conditions in a boiler, ash particles are exposed to higher temperature in the lean phase region and allowed to sinter, then the ash particles will not show significant sintering in dense phase regions like cyclone bottom.
The improved performance primarily originated from increased trapping in the subsequent lean phase but was also improved by decreased byproduct formation during the rich phase under some conditions.
In the dual-layer configuration, NH3 generated in the underlying NSR layer is stored in the outer SCR layer during the rich phase which then reacts with the NOx during the subsequent lean phase.
The latter depends on the geometry, solids concentration, flow rates and other operating conditions, and includes the fluidized state as well as dense and lean phase flows and impact of particle flows on stationary surfaces.
The selected system provided the opportunity of changing the membranes morphology systematically via phase separation by nucleation and growth of polymer lean phase, spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth of polymer rich phase mechanisms.
During the rich phase NH3 is generated in the upstream LNT and trapped in the downstream SCR where it reacts with NOx that slips from the LNT during the subsequent lean phase.
It is suggested that capillary forces dominate the behaviour of the dense phase, and that the composition-based influence in the lean phase is related to the fact that the associated forces are active over a relatively longer range.
The presence of soot inhibits the NOx storage capacity of the catalyst during the lean phase at different temperatures, in the range 200 350 °C, but does not affect significantly the regeneration process of the stored nitrates.
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