This aspect is interesting as gangliosides are not evenly distributed in cell membranes, but only in the outer leaflet, where they p]articipate in rafts, functional microdomains enriched in special lipids including cholesterol.
Gangliosides, glycosphingolipids containing one or more sialic acid residues, are asymmetrically embedded in GEMs, in the outer membrane leaflet where gangliosides are claimed to interact directly with growth-factor receptors, modulating their activation and then the downstream intracellular signalling pathways.
HbC associates with erythrocyte membranes at a 5-fold greater rate than normal HbA [9] and binds more tightly to the inner leaflet, where it is believed to cause more extensive clustering of band 3 [10].
An increase in PS yield suggested the possibility that some membrane PS was more easily extracted from CC than AA erythrocytes, for example, by flipping to the outer leaflet where it would be free from hemichromes and other hemoglobin degradation products that might resist efficient extraction.
In closed conformations the centrally located arginine residues likely approach the membrane's inner leaflet where they could interact with PA to help stabilize that conformation.
In principle, insertion into lipid membrane by any motif will result in surface expansion of the leaflet where insertion occurs and consequently promotes membrane curvature.
The combined approach of the Delphi method and focus groups produced a leaflet where each participant agrees with both the issues under consideration and with each other.
However, during apoptosis, membrane phospholipid asymmetry is lost and PS is exposed to the outer leaflet, where it can interact with A-V.
One of the hallmarks of apoptosis is the translocation of PS to the outer membrane leaflet, where it serves as an "eat me" signal for phagocytic clearance [ 19, 20].
