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T1 Catha edulis leaf wastes + farm wastes + cow dung T2 Catha edulis leaf wastes + farm wastes + goat manure T3 Catha edulis leaf wastes + farm wastes + poultry manure T4 Catha edulis leaf wastes + farm wastes + swine manure.
Catha edulis leaf wastes were collected from Awday town and cut into small pieces.
The values of organic carbon (2.56 and 2.55 %) and organic matter (4.33 and 4.38 %) obtained from the analyses were comparable in T2 (C. edulis leaf wastes + farm wastes + goat manure) and T4 (C. edulis leaf wastes + farm wastes + swine manure), respectively.
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The added crop residues and animal manures enhanced the decomposition process and manurial value of the khat leaf waste.
Moreover, present work enables a large-scale production of efficient heteroatom-doped porous carbon from ginkgo leaf waste without using any activation and templating agents.
This study demonstrated that the co-composting of yard wastes with paper and canteen wastes (fruit, coffee grounds, tea leaf waste) could produce value-added products.
The agricultural waste substrates tested for SSF were: tea leaf waste, wheat bran, husk of rice, pigeon pea and urad, and seed cake of jatropha and pongamia.
Addition of nutrient supplements in the substrates showed slight (pongamia seed cake) to significant (rice husk, tea leaf waste) increase in spore production.
Addition of nutrient supplements to the substrates showed slight (pongamia seed cake) to significant (rice husk, tea leaf waste) increase in spore production, revealing further possibility of improvement in SSF output.
Two sets of SSF experiments with agricultural by-products [tea leaf waste, wheat bran, husk of rice, pigeon pea and urad, and seed cake of jatropha and pongamia] as substrates; one with fortification of nutrients, while other with no nutrient addition were performed.
Table 1 Nutrient characteristics of different agricultural-by products used as substrate for solid state fermentation Substrate Carbon Nitrogen C/N Wheat bran 53.4 2.74 19.49 Rice husk 57.35 2.53 22.67 Pigeon pea husk 26.24 6.53 4.0 Urad husk 25.42 6.05 4.2 Pongamia seed cake 41.5 15.75 2.63 Jatropha seed cake 46.08 18.73 2.46 Tea leaf waste 37.35 3.23 11.56.
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