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Northern hardwood forests are especially negatively impacted by invasive worms through the loss of leaf duff, soil fertility, changes in soil chemistry and the loss of ecological diversity.
In contrast, species of the saprobic family Cudoniaceae produce large, bright ascomata on leaf duff or mossy ground.
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Rakes wreak havoc on the duff (leaf litter) that often covers truffle-rich soil, thus damaging the fungi's environment.
Verdict: Leaves can be added fresh (but best shredded) in fall, as half-rotted duff called leaf mold, or fully composted and soil-like.
If Dench is an idol, I think to myself, then if only Duff could take a leaf out of Dench's book when it comes to giving interviews.
£13 (900g) 13/20 Topped with jewel-like fruit and flakes of (real) gold leaf, this kitschy creation takes the plum duff a considerable distance from the 'speckled cannonball' of A Christmas Carol.
It is also of theoretical interest as we would expect that the rapid deterioration of the better (very thin duff or exposed mineral soil) post-fire seedbeds due to leaf-fall from regenerating plants ought to select for rapid dissemination of seeds following burning.
On duff.
Under duff.
On duff of Abies.
On duff with wz0158.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com