The article describes the key processes leading from exposure to biological effect, including exposure, pulmonary deposition, clearance by various mechanisms, accumulation in the lung, and finally possible biological effects.
Percutaneous exposure incidents (PEIs) (needlestick, sharp injuries, as well as splashes leading to exposure of the skin or mucosa to blood) are a potential mode of exposure to - and transmission of blood-borne infectious diseases among healthcare workers.
Resuspension in the air, walk-in, and take-home exposures are important candidate mechanisms of transfer leading to exposure indoors.
Biomarkers are observable end points in a continuum of events leading from exposure to toxic agents to diseases that ultimately result from exposure.
Differences in filler exposure after thermocycling are thus most likely due to matrix degradation, leading to exposure of underlying filler particles and an increased surface roughness.
However, variable exposure and short biological half-lives of OP pesticides could result in highly variable measurements, leading to exposure misclassification.
Necrosis caused by radiotherapy can induce inflammation at the site(s) of radiation therapy, leading to exposure of relatively more immunological cells attracted to the area(s), which at the time of exposure, may be actively dividing and vulnerable.
Bats accounted for 30% of exposures, more than any other group of animals; consequently, bats have replaced raccoons as the leading rabies exposure source to humans in this area.
Many city residents without heat used stoves and, in some cases, generators indoors or in garages, leading to exposure to carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless gas.
In the Indian context, sex education has not yet become part of regular curriculum, and in spite of global connectivity leading to exposure to Western culture, children are often not capable of "informed consent".
