Figure 5 Actuation method.
The hinges function as a heat source to absorb a wide range of light, particularly the infrared light, convert light energy to thermal energy and cause the underlying printed area to heat up faster than the unprinted area leading to actuation due to thermal stress gradients.
The internal prestretch is accompanied by an overall stiffening of the dual polymer network leading to compromised actuation strains.
Figure 12 Concept of the thin membrane device: (a) with a flat surface, (b) pneumatic actuation leading to a rough surface.
The airfoil is immersed in a two-dimensional potential flow field, and is subjected to leading-edge actuation in the form of a small-amplitude periodic heaving motion.
As demonstrated by the Poincaré sections, a proper external actuation indeed makes the separating KAM boundaries disappear leading to almost global chaotic advection in a two-dimensional continuous flow with just a single particle moving in a periodic manner.
Results show that the device with high dielectric layer generates more reproducible droplet transfer over a longer distance with a 25% reduction in the actuation voltage with respect to the polymer coatings, leading to more energy efficient microfluidic applications.
One problem with RWM control methods used in present experiments is that they predominantly use simple non-model-based proportional-derivative (PD) controllers requiring substantial derivative gain for stabilization, which implies a large response to noise and perturbations, leading to a requirement for high peak voltages and coil currents, usually leading to actuation saturation and instability.
The hydraulics provided actuation for all the primary flight controls; all secondary flight controls except leading edge slats; and landing gear retraction, extension, gear steering, and wheel braking.
In addition, SMA materials have the unique ability to return to a predetermined shape when heated, leading to their uses in a wide range of applications, particularly when micro-actuation is required.
Oscillated leading edge spoilers offer potential advantages over loudspeakers for cavity resonance control, including a reduced encumbrance (especially for low-frequency applications), and a reduced actuation effort.
