In summary, our natural ability to focus on what is perceived to be most important and make quick decisions by insight and intuition [2, 4, 13] makes human judgment highly effective, but it can also lead to fallacious reasoning due to cognitive and cultural biases.
As the judges commented, "such a view may easily lead to circular reasoning".
We feel such arguments often lead to circular reasoning based on one's expectation of what primitive cellular life should look like.
Moreover, determining the predictive values of baseline erosions for the development of RA according to the ACR criteria can lead to circular reasoning as hand erosions are part of the criteria.
Use of a subjective decision such as ICU admission as a gold standard might lead to circular reasoning, because a perfect rule would be the one fitting usual practice.
One concern is that some of the genes in functional categories were assigned based on their expression pattern; if this would be the case it could lead to circular reasoning.
Which ethical principle would help in answering this question [ 9]? Applying the principle of beneficence and nonmale-ficence would lead to the reasoning that treatment with rFVIIa would most likely not benefit the patient, and that – on the other hand – treatment would not harm her, except for the possibility that she will remain in a vegetative state rather than progressing to death.
Indeed, the (public) perception of a fibroid being a 'potential sarcoma' could lead to following fallacious reasoning as illustrated in Fig. 1.
Recent evidence in STEM education has shown that course materials developed to include gesture and practicing visualization lead to improvements in reasoning and learning (e.g., Atit, Shipley, & Tikoff, 2014; Atit, Gagnier, & Shipley, 2015; Rueckert et al., 2017).
One of the leading factors why IEA annotations are not used is because this often leads to circular reasoning when used in computational analyses.
