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In combination of facts that the forces enclosed through the membrane-connected receptors, in certain cases, can lead to nucleus deformations [ 74], it is possible to assume a direct influence of external forces on chromatin and, as a result, on expression level [ 18].
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Tyr705 phosphorylation of latent cytoplasmic STAT3 promotes STAT3 homodimerization or heterodimerization with other STATs, which leads to nucleus translocation and DNA binding.
This proximal signaling event leads to the recruitment of other signaling molecules to the TCR signaling complex and to the subsequent activation of signaling pathways that ultimately lead to the nucleus and initiation of gene transcription.
It is shown that strong elastic energy interactions may lead to critical nuclei with a wide variety of shapes, including plates, needles and cuboids with non-convex interfaces.
Thick sections (~15 μm) may present many overlapping nuclei of adjacent cells resulting in overestimation of DNA content [ 19], whereas, thin sections (4 μm – 5 μm) lead to truncated nuclei resulting in underestimation of the DNA content.
This mechanism of impulse conduction mimics the normal function of the cochlear nerve by stimulating nerve fibres that lead to the auditory nucleus.
Plasma membrane damages lead to cell necrosis, nucleus and mitochondria damages induce apoptotic cell death, and endoplasmic reticulum damages cause cell death by autophagy.
This finding is consistent with the observation that chymopapain leads to the nucleus being only loosely bound together, and the effects of the action of chymopain continue for up to 48 hours after injection into the disc [ 18].
On the other hand, favorable interactions within the inner core of the forming nucleus lead to a prospective gain in free energy, which scales with the volume V of the nucleus.
The nucleation of hexagonal and pentagonal carbon rings leads to carbonaceous nuclei, which grow into six- or five-sided nanoflakes, respectively.
Giant isoforms of Nesprin-1 and Nesprin-2 were shown to bind to Nesprin-3, and disruption of Nesprin interchain associations led to larger nuclei (Taranum et al. 2012; Lu et al. 2012).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com