The drug's immunogenicity leads to neutralizing antibody formation and rapid loss of efficacy in roughly one-half of all patients, which remains an impediment to broader use.
It thus seemed that a boosting of an already established immune response had occurred which also lead to appearance of neutralizing activities in the sera (Jackson et al., 2014).
The IgM antibodies in these pigs did not lead to the production of neutralizing IgG or IgA antibodies, which may indicate that the neutralizing epitope was not targeted by the humoral immune response.
Cancer therapy using toxin conjugates usually requires fractionated treatment, which may lead to the development of neutralizing antibodies and often inflammatory adverse effects [38].
The data of Bharadwaj et al. (6 ), in fact, support the presumption that treatments that lead to higher titers of neutralizing and even nonneutralizing anti-SNV antibodies are more likely to lead to less severe disease.
Furthermore, DNA vaccines are capable of sustained cellular gene expression, promote MHC class I antigen presentation, and have the capacity for repeated administration since they do not lead to the generation of neutralizing antibodies.
In light of the recent discovery of TBEV infected ticks and associated human cases (not evaluated by NT) on the island of Zealand, which had high ELISA anti-TBEV antibody titers, it is reasonable to speculate that these are real TBEV infections that have not lead to the production of neutralizing antibodies detectable by the methods used in this study.
Since down-regulation of FcRL4 in 'exhausted' memory B cells from HIV patients enhances their responsiveness to HIV (Kardava et al, 2011), reagents that block FcRL4 may lead to renewed generation of neutralizing Abs for HIV and other chronic viral infections, particularly if they can be complexed into polymers.
An immune response comprised of neutralizing antibodies can lead to loss of efficacy or potentially more serious clinical sequelae.
In summary, our study demonstrates that the employment of DNA encoding papillomavirus L1 or L2 can lead to generation of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells and neutralizing antibodies, resulting in the improvement of therapeutic and preventive HPV DNA vaccine potency.
