Inhaled drugs all too often deliver only a fraction of the emitted dose to the target lung site due to deposition in the extrathoracic region (i.e., mouth and throat), which can lead to increased variation in lung exposure, and in some instances increases in local and systemic side effects.
This is because every additional parameter captures a 'stochastic signal', and this decreased amount of information available for each calculation will lead to increased variation in parameter estimates (Rannala 2002; Lemmon and Moriarty 2004).
This is consistent with previous studies indicating that many variations in courtship song will elicit mating and that the lack of directional selection on courtship song may lead to increased variation in natural populations due to random drift [ 67- 69].
This intra-cluster correlation leads to increased variation between clusters compared to the variation within clusters.
In contrast, smaller populations become fixed for a wider range of possible beneficial mutations which leads to increased variation in adaptive trajectories across populations and allows some populations to avoid becoming trapped on local peaks.
For instance oestrus during lactation in group-housed sows during lactation leads to increased variation in the weaning-to-mating interval, which in turn makes batch-wise management practice problematic [ 22, 23].
However, a weak and slower inhibition can lead to increased temporal variation in the responses, since temporal fidelity is ensured by inhibition (Pouille and Scanziani, 2001).
While several physiological and anatomical factors may lead to increased aerobic capacity, variation in OXPHOS proteins may influence OXPHOS efficiency and facilitate adaptation in organisms with varied energy demands.
The high and fluctuating density of worms in these two populations ([ 40], pers. obs. JEK, KEK) could also reflect the opportunistic behavior of the worms (extinction and re-colonization are possible) or a high influx of recruits, both of which could lead to increased temporal genetic variation.
Continuous glucose monitoring of type 2 diabetic patients shows glycemic variation to lead to increased oxidative stress (29), which may be related to a greater regression of carotid intima-media thickness reported in association with repaglinide than with glyburide (30).
