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Statements 15 through 19 addressed the opinions of participants concerning mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change.
Equations (1) and (2) show, in precise terms, how fitness differences between genotypes will lead to evolutionary change.
There is now accumulating evidence that harvesting can lead to evolutionary changes in life-history traits of fish that in turn affect their life cycle.
(For example, if fast zebras leave more offspring then slow ones, this will only lead to evolutionary change if the offspring of fast zebras are themselves fast runners).
On the other hand, a tree-like topological structure of relationships among species is assumed in traditional phylogenetic analyses, but recombination, hybridization, gene conversion, and gene transfer can all lead to evolutionary histories that are not adequately modelled by a single tree (Bryant & Moulton, 2004).
A revision of the shape of our own family tree would represent a small change in a specific portion of our knowledge about the history of life on Earth but it would change none of the central ideas of evolutionary theory: that life on Earth has evolved, that different species share common ancestors, and that natural selection and other processes lead to evolutionary change.
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Here, this new model is compared with existing RNA-world models with a particular focus on trajectories that lead to evolutionary-beneficial interactions between nucleic acid, protein and lipid components.
(Orr 1998, p. 2102) Either natural selection or genetic drift leads to evolutionary change.
The combination of the moving force spectra with the frequency-response function of the half-space then leads to evolutionary ground spectra.
This combination of divergence and selective constraints leads to evolutionary trends that are predictable and often replicated independently within and among animal lineages, making cave organisms excellent candidates for comparative evolutionary analyses [2] [6].
This should have led to evolutionary change at two levels.
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