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As most nodes in the ML tree were poorly supported, it is not clear whether some abnormal branching patterns in the cytosolic HSP70 tree are simply due to the lack of informative sites or other factors (e.g., incomplete lineage sorting, horizontal gene transfer, paralogy) that can lead to discordance between the gene and the species trees.
Various such factors lead to discordance at distinct ranks.
Furthermore, genetic heterogeneity in melanoma tumours can lead to discordance in BRAF mutational status between different metastases in the same patient (Heinzerling et al, 2013).
These factors are typically not balanced due to external and internal changes that affect the levels of protein and mRNA, which in turn lead to discordance between their respective abundances [ 1, 2].
An alignment with paralogous genes could produce a gene-family tree, not the true species tree, or the differential loss of duplicate gene copies could lead to discordance between gene trees and species trees [ 30].
In molecular phylogenetics, gene duplication is a process that can lead to discordance between gene and species trees, and previous work has shown large problems with duplicate genes undergoing concerted evolution or birth-and-death processes [ 3].
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The term DSD refers to a heterogeneous group of conditions of incomplete or disordered genital and/or gonadal development that leads to discordance between genetic, gonadal, and phenotypic sex.
The observed differences in Ki67 expression between the two types of samples leads to discordances after dichotomization at 20% and, for 200 cells, positivity in the core biopsy and negativity in the surgical sample was significantly more common than the opposite pattern.
This suggests the discordance is random, and that saliva does not lead to differential discordance when compared to blood.
Because otherwise, you'll make assumptions about each other and you'll be missing each other, and that will lead to a discordance.
The same considerations will also lead to significant discordance between different studies according to the heterogeneity of their populations for each of the elementary mechanisms described above [ 31].
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