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Both linear and natural-log lead specifications were highly significant (Table 1).
We tested the two lead specifications for nonlinearity in the models, compared the two lead specifications for significantly better fit to the data, and examined the effects of possible residual confounding on the functional form of the dose response relationship.
Because linear and log lead specifications produce large differences in predictions only as BPb approaches zero, data sets including substantial numbers of very low BPb levels are required to notice, appreciate, and test for adequacy of alternative specifications.
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The results indicate that the log lead specification described the data significantly better than did the linear lead specification.
The J-test showed that the log lead specification was still significant (p = 0.009) in a model with the prediction from the linear lead model added (Table 1).
We refit the mixed models with linear lead terms and used the J-test (MacKinnon 1981) to determine if the logarithmic specification of the lead variables produced a better fit to the data than a linear lead specification.
These findings indicate that both the linear lead specification and the model as a whole better fit the data when splines were used than when the original variables were fit by linear regression.
The omitted variable test using the linear lead variable showed a significant improvement in fit using the polynomial lead specification (p = 0.020), whereas the same test showed that a polynomial form of the log lead variable offered no improvement (p = 0.258).
Implicit in the log-lead specification is that change in health effect with change in BPb at higher levels is small, save when lead toxicity associated with pathologic organ damage is reached.
The approach is validated against a known process, and used to demonstrate how several previously untried forming strategies could lead to specification of new process designs.
The results will lead to specification of operational processing of the EUMETSAT ozone Satellite Application Facility as well as implementation of the improved and new GOME data products in the NILU database for use in the European THESEO (Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone) campaign of 1999.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com