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The winter cereal double cropping system possesses a few advantages: mitigation of soil erosion, nitrate leaching and phosphorus leaching runoff, an increase of homegrown forage, and improvement of farm profitability.
· Environmental coverage including sediments, leaching, runoff and drainage related to within-field spatial variability.
Contamination of pesticides through volatilization, leaching, runoff, and the persistence of agrochemicals in aqueous media has become a concerning environmental issue [4, 5].
However a significant proportion of applied fertiliser N is often not used by the crop or pasture and the remainder is susceptible to loss through leaching, runoff or denitrification [1].
Leaching, runoff, and downstream transport of Hg from calcine potentially deliver significant Hg to surroundings streams, which eventually flow into the Rio Grande (15).
Losses of the highly mobile NO3− due to leaching, runoff or denitrification can amount to 60%% of applied fertilizer N in coarse-textured soils (Gaines and Gaines, 1994).
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EF5 = emission factor for N2O emissions from N leaching and runoff, kg N2O-N (kg N leached and runoff -1 Default value 0.0075.
The total loss of inorganic N to leaching and runoff was 1.68 5.96 kg ha−1 among crops.
The nitrogen that is lost through leaching and runoff has a massive negative effect on groundwater aquifers and aquatic biota in streams and estuaries downstream.
It revealed that soil weathering, leaching and runoff; municipal and industrial wastewater; waste disposal sites leaching were among the major sources/factors responsible for river quality deterioration.
The amount of NO3−-N and NH4+-N lost through leaching and runoff was generally greater during the maize season compared to the wheat season.
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