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In mammals, LDs control the synthesis and secretion of inflammatory mediators [20] and are implicated in virus propagation [21].
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In LD, control flies (w1118 or a single mutant pdfr5304) display anticipatory peaks before the lights-on and/or light-off (Figure 3E, 3F).
All short-day (SD) treatments (photoperiod 10, 12 or 14 h) were carried out at the greenhouse using darkening curtains, while long-day (LD) control treatments (photoperiod 18 h) were conducted in a similar greenhouse compartment without curtains.
The intratumoral LD in the MM was lower than LD in control dermis, but greater than in BCC or MCC.
Genes without differential expression (by fold change < 2) under all of the following conditions were also filtered out: LD vs Control, HD (3hr) vs Control, HD (24hr) vs Control, LD+HD (3hr) vs Control and LD+HD (24hr) vs Control.
As seen in earlier experiments under 12 h∶12 h LD conditions, control pdf/Q0-Htt and pdf/Q128-Htt exhibit both morning anticipatory increase in behavior preceding lights-on and the CT 0 transition from LD to DD (the first "cycle" of darkness).
When we applied an eight-hour phase delay to the lights-on signal in a 12∶12 LD cycle, control flies showed anticipatory activity in the first cycle after the shift that corresponded to the original light-dark regimen (green arrowheads, Figure 4A).
Flowering under LDs is controlled by the major photoperiod response gene Ppd-H1 (Turner et al. 2005).
In the following secondary LD cycles, control flies were able to re-synchronise with the new phase within 1 day (Fig. 2Ai,iv).
The questions were phrased to discuss behavior of the case-patient before the diagnosis of LD; for control study participants, we asked about behavior before the date in which their matched case was diagnosed.
Linkage disequilibrium (LD) among control subjects was limited; the mean r values were 0.21 (range of 0 to 0.84) among sequential PRL SNPs and 0.13 (range of 0 to 0.45) among PRLR SNPs.
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