Packet layer models have better performance with popular application in intermediate nodes of a network as they do not need complex processing and decryption of the data.
Bitstream layer models have detailed access to the payload and intrinsic features related to a video such as coding modes, quantization parameter, and DCT coefficients.
In the bitstream-based methods, bitstream layer models have access to most of the data that can be used for the video quality estimation.
The packet layer models have access to the packet header of the bitstream and can extract a limited set of parameters including bitrate on sequence or frame level, frame rate and type, and packet loss rate.
Comparisons with other two existing multi-layered models have been made.
This helps us to explain why the abovementioned parametric packet-layer models had a high performance even if the video content feature was not taken into consideration.
The time shifts due to the sediment layer model have negative values (Fig. 7).
Two models [7, 11, 12, 22, 30 33], named as the three-layer model and the two-layer model, have been widely used to explain the decrease of T g for nano-confined polymer films.
Two steady-state, one-dimensional models of the cathode active layer for the proton exchange membrane fuel cell, a conventional active layer model with the agglomerate structure and an ordered active layer model, have been compared.
Elements of the cylindrical discrete-layer model have a subparametric concept that considers linear mapping of geometry fields on a cylindrical coordinate, and hierarchical approximating functions of displacement fields.
It is regarded that the dead layer in the three-layer model has almost no mobility [22].
