Fortunately, our 3D nanostructures could resolve the adhesion-promoting intermediate layer issue because the noble metal deposition procedure was the final step, which avoided influence on the chemical reagents and poor adhering ability.
We propose an approach relying on a systemic treatment of business, service and network layer issues, which translates into a layered architecture where components belonging to different levels interact on the basis of a mediation paradigm.
The chapter also illustrates the physical layer issues of optical access systems and components.
However, we do not address these issues in this paper, but only focus on the MAC layer issues.
While[19] and[20] mainly focused on the PHY-layer issues,[5] dealt with the relay-aided MAC protocol design for vehicular communications.
Joint consideration of beamforming and higher layer issues is required in order to fully exploit the benefits of SDMA.
Instead, when bit encoding is not needed (e.g., when only higher layer issues are investigated), both FEC and Modem layers are removed.
The above experiments assumed negligible error rates at the PHY layer (bit error rate: 10−6), and only considered the MAC layer issues.
On the other hand, the studies that deal with scheduling in the time domain do not consider physical layer issues [5].
On the other hand, as few of the unresolved matters related to MAC layer issues are still under consideration, MU-MIMO is yet to be standardized.
The PHY layer issues happens with probability p e. 2) If no PHY layer issues are present, then we check if SIR≥α for the entire duration of packet transmission, where α is the protection ratio (also denoted as capture threshold) and SIR is the signal-to-interference ratio metric.
