The following methods were applied in experiments: spectrophotometry, viscosimetry, potentiometric titration, and microelectrophoresis, which enable determination of adsorbed amount of the polymer, thickness of its adsorption layers, surface charge density, and zeta potential of solid particles in the presence and absence of PAA, respectively.
The complex composition brines of ultra-dilute seawater and excess sulfate seawater each gave the lowest adhesion due to a combination of double layer expansion, surface charge change and gypsum passivation of the calcite surface.
A study of the effect of oxide loading has shown that for more than 8 mg cm−2 of active oxide layer the surface charge does not increase any more.
This can be done based on the experimentally determined parameters, of which the most important are the amount of adsorbed polymer, its adsorption layer thickness, surface charge, and zeta potential of solid particles in the presence of polymer.
Therefore, the ZnO seed layer surface is charged by the surface amphoteric reaction with H+ or OH− ions.
MPECs with an even number of layers exhibit positive surface charge due to PDADMAC as the outermost layer and are larger compared to complexes with an odd number of layers, which are negatively charged having PSS in the outermost layer.
In order to explain their observations, they suggested the existence of more than one conducting layer, one of which was a surface charge layer, to explain the capacitance-voltage measurements [15].
In particular, we have performed simulations and experiments to analyze the influence of the insulating Si3N4 layers and surface charges on electrostatic charging.
The temperature conditions and the technique of heat treatment of the samples allowed us to avoid the oxidation of the distorted layer ("to observe" a surface charge) and to activate ionic migration in the layer.
This adsorbed oxygen further determines the surface charge layer thickness, surface potential barrier height, surface charge, and Debye length [77, 78, 79].
