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The bare oxide surface was covered with a confluent layer of organisms, making enumeration impractical.
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In the latter case, a layer of dead organisms would have protected organisms underneath by compounds functioning as UV shields [41].
They are mostly benthic and live within the periphyton, the layer of tiny organisms and detritus that is found on the seabed and the beds of other water bodies.
The equations consider only a single layer of planktonic organisms within a circle inscribed within the target boundaries.
Darwin's coral of life [ 92, 93], in which the layer of extant organisms sits on the dead branches of their ancestors, might be a better picture to visualize evolutionary history [ 94].
Comparative studies on S-layer genes of organisms from different taxonomic affiliations revealed that homologies between nonrelated organisms are low despite the fact that their amino acid composition shows no significant difference.
Extending the alignment to the S-layer proteins of organisms of the closely related L. helveticus (Collins et al. 1991; Felis and Dellaglio 2007) also indicates a remarkable conservation of the C-terminal region (Antikainen et al. 2002), suggesting a conserved function for this region.
We presume that besides the more specific functions identified for S-layers of different organisms (e.g. specific interactions with molecules and cell surfaces as observed in pathogens), these features may turn out to be one of the most general ones among bacterial and archaeal S-layers.
With the introduction of global "omics" level tools, it has recently become possible to investigate multiple layers of an organism's metabolic network during a condition of study.
The presence of an exopolymeric matrix couple with the organization of layers of cells may confer protection of organisms in the inner layers, thereby contributing to antifungal resistance [ 7– 9].
Yet it is becoming increasingly clear that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) could represent a missing regulatory layer across a broad range of organisms.
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