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The Ole 18 promoter drives expression specifically in the aleurone layer and embryo of the seeds (Qu and Takaiwa 2004).
Judging from the uniform cell profile of the surface layer, the embryo proper has acquired protoderm characteristics.
Earlier report suggests, higher suppression of MIPS gene expression could be achieved by using Ole18 promoter, which directs expression specifically in the aleurone layer and embryo of rice seeds (Qu and Takaiwa 2004Kuwano et al. 2009).
In rice, about 80% of phytate accumulates in the aleurone layer and embryo of mature seeds (Ogawa et al. 1977), which is degraded by phytase during germination (Laboure et al. 1993; Barrientos et al. 1994).
This is attributed to the fact that most of these divalent cations are chelated by phytic acid and accumulates in the aleurone layer and embryo (which is removed during commercial milling) as inclusions in protein storage vacuoles (globoids), which cannot move into the inner endosperm (Brinch-Pedersen et al. 2007; Raboy 2009; Iwai et al. 2012; Paul et al. 2013).
Indeed, immunolocalization studies confirmed that expression of Glo-3 was restricted to the aleurone layer and embryo within the wheat grain.
Immunofluorescence labeling using rabbit anti-WP5212 antibodies revealed the localization of corresponding globulin protein in the aleurone layer and embryo, but not the endosperm of wheat seed sections.
Their Northern data showed moderate levels of HvGamyb in the endosperm from 10 to 22 daa, while in situs at 20 daa indicated expression tobe mainly in the aleurone layer and embryo.
We observed fluorescence in the enveloping layer of embryos injected with SiaNAz and no background fluorescence in embryos injected with vehicle alone on each day of the four-day experiment.
We observed robust cell-surface DIFO-488 fluorescence in the enveloping layer of embryos injected with GDP-FucAz and no detectable signal from embryos injected with vehicle alone.
The porosity of the resultant films has a lateral aspect due to the layering of embryo cells.
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