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In the debacle at WorldCom, accused of hiding operating costs in order to exaggerate its earnings, that is as big a puzzle for accountants and auditing experts as it is for lay observers.
The Riverhead Foundation, the region's official marine-mammal rescue group, chose to wait for evening high tide to see if the dolphin could return to the harbor on its own, rather than trying to capture the animal, a decision widely second-guessed by lay observers.
According to a range of empirical studies, including one conducted by me and my social psychologist collaborator, Matthew Kugler, lay observers draw a sharp moral distinction between file sharing and genuine theft, even when the value of the property is the same.
This study was a comparative evaluation of voice recordings by voice professionals and lay observers.
D Volcanic impacts witnessed and/or reported post-eruption by lay observers (e.g. public, media)), and hazard intensity not recorded.
Preliminary results of Dodick and Aharonson's unpublished research indicate that including very basic temporal clues helps direct viewers' attention toward the interior of the tree so they do not read the tree across its external tips, which is a common problem among lay observers (e.g., Baum et al. [2005]; Meir et al. [2007]).
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For the lay observer, it's befuddling.
"Iron" Mike Tyson has given a series of interviews, or rather sympathetically edited monologues to Toback, and it is undoubtedly true that he is more intelligent and introspective than any lay observer could have imagined.
But most of the dozen or so ice scientists I've consulted of late (and several dozen since 2000) remain closer in their views to Cecilia Bitz of the University of Washington, who recently agreed with my notion (as a longtime, but lay, observer) that there's "a 50-50 chance it will take a few decades".
Parkour is also known to some as free running or street tumbling, and while the cognoscenti quibble over what differentiates one from the other, a lay observer could simply describe all forms of the sport as a sort of outdoor gymnastics.
The union applications had sought to rely on the legal test, in a 2000 case, that "a judge is disqualified if a fair-minded lay observer might reasonably apprehend that the judge might not bring an impartial mind to the resolution of the question the judge is required to decide".
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com