In the latter study, mixed meal tests before and after treatment in a subset of patients revealed that taspoglutide significantly improved pancreatic B-cell function, as measured by improvements in insulin secretion rates and B-cell glucose sensitivity [ 8].
Kim et al. (abstract 1762) analyzed dietary habit questionnaires in 2,865 type 2 diabetic patients from the Korean National Diabetes Program and found lower BMI to be associated with eating 3 meals versus 1 2 meals daily (despite fewer reported calories with the latter), with regularly timed meal schedules, and with slower rather than more rapid eating patterns.
The latter, originally a shared meal, turns strangers into brothers and sisters through the practice of what theologians call koinonia – communion through participation.
Little is known about how this measure relates to many others, and how it differs with glucose or a mixed meal, the latter where amino acid and incretin actions could be more influential.
FM patients further showed elevated upper trapezius activity in a laboratory rest situation and during the evening meal, the latter result potentially interesting as nutrient intake causes an increase in sympathetic activation [ 47, 48].
That a diner may adapt the shape of a sliced subsection of the latter to create a portable meal does not reflect the intent of its crafting; that is a secondary, user-generated adaptation.
They were fed ad libitum one of two iso-nitrogenous experimental diets, which differed in their protein composition and contained either skim milk powder (SMP) or hydrolysed feather meal (FM), the latter component having low ileal protein digestibility.
Participants lost a mean of only 3.5 kg at the end of the year, despite being provided the 26 office visits and the meal replacements, the latter which usually increase weight loss by 30% or more compared with the consumption of a conventional reducing diet.
The latter can be adapted to meals more conveniently.
In the latter population both lunch and evening meals contribute equally to daily energy intake, highlighting cultural and social factors as potential determinants of energy and macronutrient distribution.
