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All these observations are consistent with temperature-dependent seasonal growth in mangroves at the latitudinal limits (López-Portill and Ezcurra [1985]; Saenger and Moverley [1985]; Duke [1990]).
HYCOM is configured for the Indian Ocean with longitudinal limits of 20° 125° E and latitudinal limits of 35° S–31° N. The model adopts boundary conditions from global HYCOM simulations at the eastern, southern and south-eastern boundaries.
In this case, only three parameters (two latitudinal limits and a current strength) characterize the electrojet as observed far from the FAC, whose influence is taken to be small.
The latitudinal limits of the territory are not officially defined.
Indeed, fundamental structural properties render palms intolerant to cold [ 11], the primary factor determining their latitudinal limits [ 5].
We argue that because the southern limit of the A. schaueriana distribution presents temperatures within the range of variation of A. germinans [ 4] and because this climatic factor is regarded as a major driver that influences mangrove latitudinal limits [ 3], additional major traits must influence the distributions of these species in South America.
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Typically, the present global latitudinal limit of coral reef development is constrained by the 18 °C winter maximum sea surface isotherm (Kleypas et al. 1999).
The region was typified by a coral-bearing "ramp" from 1.65 Ma (Montaggioni et al. 2011); thereafter, the Ryukyu reefs expanded to their present latitudinal limit (Fig. 2) from 1.1 to 0.8 Ma (Yamamoto et al. 2006).
To fill this knowledge gap, we compared skeletal δ18O signatures in live Diploastrea and Porites colonies from Southwest Lagoon, near Amédée Lighthouse, New Caledonia (at the southern latitudinal limit for Diploastrea) and Alor, Indonesia (in the core area of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool).
However, Wells (1965) [48] suggested that high water temperatures might limit L. littorea 's spread in the Atlantic, noting that its southern latitudinal limit on the East Coast and European shores occurred where the summer monthly mean water temperature reaches at least 21°C.
For most of the lineages, the maximum latitudinal limit of the geographic range was the most influential variable explaining range size (Table 5).
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