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Despite their ecological relevance, mangroves that grow along the latitudinal extremes of their distribution in subtropical and tropical environments are extremely vulnerable to low temperature (Ellis et al. 2006).
Mangroves that grow at the latitudinal extremes of their distribution are susceptible to extreme cold events.
However, mangroves that lie along the latitudinal extremes of their distribution are still vulnerable to the extreme cold events (Ellis et al. 2006; Gilman et al. 2008, Saintilan et al. 2014).
Minimum temperatures were average monthly temperatures from the coldest months, and maximum temperatures were from the warmest months, across the species' ranges; neither were necessarily experienced at the latitudinal extremes.
However, Emerson et al., [ 13] showed lately that in two natural populations representing latitudinal extremes in eastern North America temperature is the main determinant of the diapause.
Patterns of iteroparity between steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations reveal that the levels of iteroparity are highest at latitudinal extremes and suggest that it might be a more beneficial strategy at harsher/less predictable conditions (Stearns 1976; Roff 2002; Einum and Fleming 2007).
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Climatic conditions such as temperature and seasonality are becoming increasingly harsh towards the latitudinal extreme of the distribution and may limit the occurrence of mammals through decreased food availability or accessibility.
Kurt Elling takes the jazz singer's travel truism to a longitudinal and latitudinal extreme.
To these ends, we compared the level of dorsal melanism in twelve populations along over 1500 km latitudinal gradient across the Scandinavian Peninsula, and conducted a common garden study applying larval thermal treatments using two latitudinally extreme populations.
Eucalyptus bicostata occurs on the inland watershed of Victoria and southeast New South Wales, is geographically separated from other species, occupies a substantial latitudinal range, and has extreme outlying populations such as Mount Bryan (South Australia) (Vaillancourt et al., 2001), and Wollemi (New South Wales).
One reason there are no immediate correlations is the upward inflection of diatom β-diversity values at both extremes of the latitudinal gradient (i.e. arctic and alpine lakes, respectively), a pattern that is not mirrored by any single variable tested.
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