In higher latitudinal areas of the North Pacific in which solar heating of the surface waters is low and rainfall is abundant, salinities increase markedly with depth through the halocline layer.
While in local nighttime the reversed annual variations of Te were shown at low latitudinal areas, not at high latitudes as those in Ne.
To assure that the test could be computed in a reasonable amount of time, we aggregated the model outputs by a factor of 15 30, cut the grids to those latitudinal areas that broadly contained predicted suitable areas, and then outputted an xyz grid of longitude, latitude, and either suitable or unsuitable for both ENM and phylogeographic predictions.
The peculiar northern distribution of haplotype B of nad7 intron 1 indicates that Scots pine has likely survived in a refuge distinct from those usually recognized in the southern peninsulas of Europe, perhaps under the form of scattered glacial populations spread over sizeable latitudinal areas reaching European mid-latitudes not far from the ice front.
Members of Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae form a significant part of the broad-leaved forests characteristic of mid-latitudinal areas of the Northern Hemisphere and parts of the Southern Hemisphere.
Precipitation changes also displayed a latitudinal pattern, with countries in latitudes between 0 20°N experiencing the greatest area of precipitation decrease at a rate greater than −5%/decade, while precipitation increases of this rate only occurred in countries either north or south of this latitudinal region (Figure 4, bottom).
Land-use (percentage of land in forest) also varies but usually there are more sampling plots and sampled areas in latitudinal bands with greater area (Fig. 2).
Both countries share a strikingly similar shape, length, area, latitudinal and altitudinal range, and temperate climates.
This pattern has been observed in a range of taxa in many different environments from terrestrial plants [20] to ants [21] to deep-water invertebrates [22] and marine fishes [23], [24], and numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain the latitudinal gradient including: geographic area, evolutionary speed, geometric constraints and productivity [2].
Because there are many early-flowering HG7 and HG16 populations in the TDV zone (Fig. 1), the Asian early-flowering populations might have originated somewhere in that zone and then colonized the warm low latitudinal Afghanistan-Pakistan border area through postglacial dispersal.
