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The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer PreventincludedC) study included 29 133 male smokers, aged 50 69 years, recruited between 1985 and 1988 from southwestern Finland (latitude of study area 60 64°N) (The ATBC Cancer Prevention Study Group, 1994).
The overall associations observed, however, were similar across other subgroups such as latitude of study location, sex, study quality, levels of multivariate adjustment, assay methods, adjustments for seasonality or socioeconomic status, and geographical location (figures 3, 4, and 5 and eFigure 4).
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Also, the temporal sequence of symptoms of NMS was not described by the latitude of studies.
City, country code and, between brackets, latitude of the study centre, and the number of individuals per study centre are displayed on the x-axis.
We extracted latitude from papers based on either the latitude of the study centre if performed in a distinct region or the geographical midpoint of the country if a national study.
RRs were subsequently calculated for subgroups of studies and compared between case-control and cohort studies, and studies using definite MS diagnostic criteria and those using definite/probable MS. We extracted latitude from papers based on either the latitude of the study centre if performed in a distinct region or the geographical midpoint of the country if a national study.
When the researchers took into account factors around age, sex and type of MS, they found that for every 10 degree increase in latitude of the study centres, the onset of the symptoms among patients began almost 10 months earlier.
Concentration of 25(OH)D2 (A) and 25(OH)D3 (B) according to latitude of the study centre.
Additional file 1: Figure S1 (supplemental material) shows plasma levels of 25(OH)D2 and 25(OH)D3 according to latitude of the study centre.
The latitude of the study sites, Karonga in Malawi, Sukuta in The Gambia and London in the UK are 10°S, 13°N and 51°N respectively, and it was hypothesized that the geographical similarities between Malawi and The Gambia might lead to cytokine/chemokine signatures that would be more similar to each other compared to the UK.
In this study, the latitudes of the study sites cover the area of 63°39'5,481"N (the farthest north) to 58°12'33,449"N (the farthest south).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com