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The pond ash embankment is not safe against liquefaction and lateral spreading under full saturation condition.
Permanent ground deformations (PGD) resulting from seismic activities may lead to lateral spreading, liquefaction, slope movement, and landslides.
As a result, adjacent houses tend to be tilted in the same direction with a lateral spreading direction.
OpenFOAM generally overestimates the downslope propagation (NRMSE 6.34%) and lateral spreading behavior of the flow (NRMSE 7.27%).
Several factors contribute to the extent of lateral spreading: surface and subsurface geometry, soil characteristics, and intensity of ground motion.
Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading has caused severe damage and significant financial losses in major earthquakes distributed globally.
In this paper, a new approach is presented, based on genetic programming (GP), for determination of liquefaction induced lateral spreading.
The lateral spreading of the bottle-shaped strut introduces tensile force transverse to the strut, F st.
Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading has imposed severe damages to many important structures supported on pile foundations during past earthquakes.
Selecting a lower friction angle that reproduces the distal runout distance leads to even more excessive lateral spreading.
Lateral spreading of the surfactant plume occurred near the saturated/nearly saturated zones in the fine and coarse sand.
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