In order of decreasing size, the components of a surface system are the main collection ditch, field ditch, and field drain; and for a subsurface system, main, submain, and lateral conduits from the submain.
Cavopulmonary circulation is subdivided according to the type of IVC connection to the pulmonary artery either by intra-atrial lateral tunnel conduit or external cardiac conduit [10].
We show three cases: (a) narrow conduit without lateral degassing; (b) wide conduit without lateral degassing; (c) wide conduit with lateral degassing.
With more recent modifications (lateral tunnel or extracardiac conduit), current 10-year survival in these patients is 97%[50]0].
In other words, even if the efficiency of vertical gas escape is small, magma can ascend without fragmentation in a conduit where lateral degassing is ensured, as has already been presented in previous studies (e.g., Woods and Koyaguchi, 1994).
Therefore, the dilatant deformation of edifice host rocks in the upper edifice (Fig. 9) may serve to increase permeability and assist the lateral outgassing of the conduit.
From the most lateral part of the conduit, surrounded by subcutaneous fat, only traces of urothelial cells could be found in transplanted specimens.
The pattern of hepatopetal phase in hepatic vein differs between patients with total cavopulmonary anastomosis (including both lateral tunnels and extracardiac conduits) and with atriopulmonary connection [63, 64, 65, 66] (Fig. 5a e).
The lateral propagating speed of the conduit tip ranged from 0.35 to 0.7 m/s (Fig. 7a).
In Eq. (2), we introduce lateral gas escape through the conduit wall, by forcing the reduction of the gas phase from each depth.
