Later, the ideological godfather of the Russian Revolution, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, denounced the state's abdication of its responsibilities of "promoting national honor, the moral welfare of the nation, justice and fairness," all of which he argued had been sacrificed to a system of hefty vodka taxes.
The first collection of what some have called her Stalinist period, "That's What We Live For," appeared in 1952, followed two years later by another ideological collection, "Questions Put to Myself".
Madame Mao -- Jiang Qing, the former Shanghai actress who seduced Mao Zedong in the caves of Yanan and later became the ideological architect of the Cultural Revolution -- is the subject of Anchee Min's new novel, "Becoming Madame Mao," published this month by Houghton Mifflin.
Mr. Xi will face another ideological test later in the year when the Communist Party celebrates the 120th anniversary of Mao's birth.
Some years later, a cultural and ideological gap was exposed by the bitter campaign between Edward M. Kennedy and Mr. Carter in 1980.
"That's like saying, because I got to the agenda first and decided what should be on it, therefore if anyone comes along later, they're being ideological in trying to change it.
Responsible for perpetuating revolutionary fervour, they performed ideological surveillance, later adopting a significant security role, making arrests and putting people on trial according to the "law of the revolution" (qanun al-thawra).
Later, breaking into separate groups, ideological counterparts worked together.
About a half-century later, Bernard Bailyn, of Harvard, wrote "Ideological Origins of the American Revolution," setting a benchmark for those who consider ideas to have been the main impulse.
