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Wanless, S., Harris, M. P., Lewis, S., Frederiksen, M. & Murray, S. Later breeding in northern gannets in the eastern Atlantic.
Later breeding males have less chance of establishing a second clutch if they abandon their first, and less chance of fathering a proportion of subsequent clutches, and should abandon less often despite higher degrees of paternal uncertainty.
Such survival costs were manifested in later breeding episodes.
Females can retain viable sperm in the oviduct for eight days or longer (Bruning 1974), and though earlier breeding males suffer lower rates of nesting success, it is likely that they father eggs laid in the nests of later breeding males, offsetting the costs of early nest failure and abandonment.
Temporal constraints on mating are most likely present in the inexperienced group because their pronouncedly later breeding (this study) is more likely to reflect late arrival than a longer mate sampling period (see also [70]), and later arriving females probably devote less time to mate sampling [78].
Since predation risk can create areas that are avoided by prey [30], [33], [34], affect the physiological condition of prey species [31], [35] and lead to later breeding [33], increased predation may reduce feeding efficiency along the migration route and lead to longer staging periods and poorer body condition.
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Described this month in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, the "stoppers" effectively prevent 67.5% of males who show up later from breeding.
Many Spanish explorers from the 16th century on brought Spanish horses with them for use as war horses and later as breeding stock.
At this time of the year, typically only great grey shrike territories are decorated with larders – all territories of the species contain larders (for more information see [23]); red-backed shrikes occasionally also impale their prey later during breeding season [30].
Our findings are therefore biologically meaningful, indicating that exploration and neophobia in these species are influenced by life history, which includes a change of physical and social environment due to dispersal and later territorial breeding.
But the data also show that these individuals begin breeding later in life, and breed less frequently.
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